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Considering several intriguing applications of prisms for wave engineering and their growing applications in the invisible spectrum for antenna applications, there is a demand for compact apparatuses that are capable of providing prism functionality but in a reconfigurable manner, with a nonreciprocal/reciprocal response. Furthermore, scientists utilize prisms to study the nature of light and human perception of light.ĭespite prisms being essential parts of optical and antenna systems, they suffer from their bulky and heavy structure, and are restricted by a reciprocal response. Over the past century, prisms have found numerous application, including interferometry 5, ophthalmology 6, telescopes 7, 8, cameras 9, 10, microscopes and periscopes 11, 12, image observation 13– 15, and antenna dispersion reduction 16, 17. He used a prism to show that white light is comprised of all colors in the visible spectrum and that spatial decomposition of white light is due to the inherent dispersion of glass 1. Historically, Sir Isaac Newton experimentally showed that such a phenomenon is due to the decomposition of the colors already present in the incoming light 1. They decompose incident white light into its constituent colors and refract them into different directions.
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Optical prisms are transparent apparatuses that map temporal frequencies into spatial frequencies 1– 4. Furthermore, the metasurface prism can be digitally controlled via a field- programmable gate array (FPGA), making the metasurface a suitable solution for radars, holography applications, and wireless telecommunication systems. Interesting features include three-dimensional prism functionality with programmable angles of refraction, power amplification, and directive and diverse radiation beams. Such a polychromatic metasurface prism is constituted of frequency-dependent spatially variant transistor-based phase shifters and amplifiers for the spatial decomposition of the wave components. Here, we present a programmable metasurface integrated with amplifiers to realize controllable nonreciprocal spatial decomposition, where each frequency component of the incident polychromatic wave can be transmitted under an arbitrary and programmable angle of transmission with a desired transmission gain. In conventional optical prisms, nonreciprocal devices and metamaterials, the spatial decomposition and nonreciprocity functions are fixed and noneditable. Here, we propose a nonreciprocal metasurface-based prism constituted of an array of phase- and amplitude-gradient frequency-dependent spatially variant radiating super-cells. Considering various applications of prisms in wave engineering and their growing applications in the invisible spectrum and antenna applications, there is a demand for compact apparatuses that are capable of providing prism functionality in a reconfigurable manner, with a nonreciprocal/reciprocal response. Conventional prisms suffer from their volumetric bulky and heavy structure and their material parameters are dictated by the Lorentz reciprocity theorem. Optical prisms are made of glass and map temporal frequencies into spatial frequencies by decomposing incident white light into its constituent colors and refract them into different directions.